Book Additionally, this policy required that South Korean medical tourism hotels only be registered by medical providers or medical tourism business agencies and also developed an International Meditour Coordinator (IMC) to further promote these services within the public health system [20]. CAS Despite data generally pointing to economic growth of the South Korean medical tourism industry, the 2016 Comprehensive Plan highlighted some key challenges for the sector moving forward, including low overseas awareness of South Korean medical care [33], lack of professional personnel and expertise in attracting foreign patients, cultural differences with foreign patients that impacted service appeal [21, 25], lack of customized medical services for foreign patients, and declining credibility of services due to cases of illegal and unsanctioned activities [24]. Gill S, Sumant O. Additionally, the potential negative impacts of investing in medical tourism did not appear to be factored into the governments analysis. Hence, it is important to reconcile the distortionary effects that these investments will have on local health systems and the communities they serve, along with the need to counteract them with remedial policy mechanisms other countries have implemented [56]. Guiry M, Vequist DG. The Korea Tourism Organisation is making aspiring predictions for the sector: it estimates that the annual number of medical tourists will grow from 399,000 in 2018 to 998,000 in 2020. Medical tourism: a new global niche. Staffers there to greet incoming travelers can usually speak at least . Despite challenges with growth, the national government continued its aggressive investment in its domestic medical tourism industry. South Korea aims to boost its medical tourism industry as a key driver of future growth, with a target of attracting 700,000 foreign patients annually from 2027. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Kim K-L, Seo B-R. Developmental strategies of the promotion policies in medical tourism industry in South Korea: a 10-year study (2009-2018). PAR_MENU_ID=1006&MENU_ID=100605. t. e. Tourism in South Korea refers to the tourist industry in the Republic of Korea. https://doi.org/10.1177/02729890122062622. Iran J Public Health. This occurs when foreign and certain domestic patients benefit from access to better private healthcare services with more favorable doctor-to-patient ratios and access to state-of-the-art medical facilities, while local, rural and poorer populations may be limited to lower quality care or resource strained healthcare access [17]. The Bumrungrad Hospital claims to be one of the largest private hospitals in Southeast Asia (with 580 beds and more than 30 specialty centers treating 1.1 million patients annually, including over 520,000 foreign patients) and also reported US$477 million turnover (revenue) in 2013 [41]. Google Scholar. This distorts healthcare expenditures and can lead to cream skimming, where rich patients with better access and ability to pay gain greater access to healthcare services at the expense of patients who already lacked access, potentially worsening existing health disparities [60]. However, only a few years after its implementation, the benefits are not well understood, nor have the positive or negative impacts of expanding Koreas medical tourism sector been properly evaluated. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. This can consequently lead to greater privatization at the expense of public institutions, the third concern raised. different types of room accommodations, food and beverage services, etc. Kim C, Lee SY, Park S-H. Is Korea ready to be a key player in the medical tourism industry? In 1989, the Republic of Korea (e.g. Lunt N, Smith R, Exworthy M, Green ST, Horsfall D, Mannion R. Medical tourism: treatments. Article https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.638564. 2014;20:56384. Based on the results of this study, we identified 14 articles through a systematic literature review from PubMed and JSTOR related to South Korea medical tourism policy. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Turner R, Freiermuth E. Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2016 Singapore. 1994;272(2):1336. 2014;15(2):21326. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. undefined: Markets and Health System Implications; 2011. Inq J Heal Care Organization Provis Financing. In 2018, the number of medical tourists had again increased to 378,967, reflecting a more modest 17.8% increase from 2017 [50]. Accessed 13 Apr 2020. Therefore, it was not possible to engage in conventional techniques used to assess for these biases. Seo BR, Park S-H. policies to promote medical tourism in Korea: a narrative review. (January 2022) South Korea attracted more than 2.76 million foreign patients as of 2019, since the attraction of international patients began in 2009. The Korea International Medical Association has been formed to encourage medical tourism. 2017;54:0046958017746546. Lack of standardized approaches across selected studies presented challenges in assessing the potential influence of bias on the cumulative evidence for this body of literature. J Travel Tour Mark. India, another top medical tourism destination has also suffered from shortages of healthcare professionals in public settings, with the private sector now emerging as the main employer of the healthcare workforce [59]. aesthetic, cosmetic and dental treatment) [6]. The Medical Tourism Magazine (MTM), known as the "voice" of the medical tourism industry, provides members and key industry experts with the opportunity to share important developments, initiatives, themes, topics and trends that make . Clicking on the following button will update the content below. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The country implemented a new visa category - an M (medical) visa - to attract a growing number of medical tourists through streamlining the convenience of the immigration entry process [15]. A bilingual systematic review of South Korean medical tourism: a need to rethink policy and priorities for public health?. concluded that the Thai health system has suffered from a shortage and inequitable distribution of physicians due to shifts from public to private hospitals and that increased numbers of medical tourists are worsening this situation [38]. 2009;25:24851. In 2021, around 26.4 percent of foreigners who came to South Korea as medical tourists received medical treatments at departments of internal medicine. This led to the passage of the Act in 2016, but even before its enactment, the South Korean administration implemented a series of policy mechanisms aimed at promoting medical tourism based on separate comparative assessments of the medical tourism industry of other countries. Park J, Ahn J, Yoo WS. Though a number of countries, including South Korea, have made significant economic and policy commitments to grow their medical tourism industries with the aim of promoting their domestic healthcare service and tourism sectors, the benefits remain unclear, particularly in the context of the possible negative impacts of promoting this form of domestic and international healthcare policy [58, 59]. There was a lack of studies, analytical or commentary-based, conducting in-depth analysis of the healthcare impact of these . RESERVE Choose your medical procedures and get ready for Korea 3. World Health organization; 2013. https://www.who.int/global_health_histories/seminars/kelley_presentation_medical_tourism.pdf. Accessed 6 Feb 2021. At Medical Avenue we don't refer our customers, we take care of them: Our mission is to give more and better medical options for patients around the world. et al. 2013. Manila: Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2015. https://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B5326.pdf. Google Scholar. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council, the direct contribution of travel and tourism (THB 3538.78 bn) was 21.6% of total Thailand GDP in 2018. 2015;20(6):7207. Int Med Travel J. https://www.imtj.com/news/12-fewer-medical-tourists-south-korea-2017-0/. This asymmetry in the policy research agenda for South Korea is also reflected in broader published reviews of the medical tourism industry by Virani et al. Specifically, during the review of the Act in the Health, Welfare, and Family Committee meeting of the National Assembly of Korea, a lawmaker argued as follows: first, a domestic patient would have less access to a tertiary hospital; second, hospitals might prioritize and provide better service to patients who bring more benefit to the hospital by paying with non-national insurance funds (i.e., foreign patients paying out of pocket), which could preclude medical services to domestic patients with national insurance; and third, medical tourism could represent a slippery slope to privatization of public medical institutions. Xu, Q., Purushothaman, V., Cuomo, R.E. For example, one policy mechanism the report identified as a means to encourage medical tourism included the creation of a medical visa system to enable foreign patients easier entry and access to the South Korean healthcare system. The impact of global infectious diseases, including MERS, and COVID-19, on the tourism industry was studied in South Korea. This text provides general information. https://www.medicalkorea.or.kr/condition/history.do. http://wk.ixueshu.com/file/652af9c937e3f90b.html. There was a lack of studies, analytical or commentary-based, conducting in-depth analysis of the healthcare impact of these policies or comparing benefits and costs compared to other medical tourism destinations. This is likely reflected by the fact that the majority of literature we reviewed did not address the topic from a public health or health system perspective, but instead focused on barriers to development, economic impact, effectiveness of promotional policies, and experiences and satisfaction of medical tourists. ABSTRACT. 2013;34:113. South Korea. For example, the success of the Thai medical tourism private sector, such as Bumrungrad Hospital, has encouraged the government to increase government involvement [30, 40, 53]. Barriers of developing medical tourism in a destination: a case of South Korea. This piece is not under consideration in any other forum. Nearly 400,000 medical tourists visited South Korea in 2013, a number which was projected to rise to 1 million by 2020. All of these sources were included on the basis of being primary documents or information sources having direct relevance to recent South Korean public policy decisions on medical tourism. You-Sang K. Megatrends in Korean Healthcare. Here are some facts about Korean medical tourism. Sung S, Park H-A. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fvwCvwUsIn0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR15&dq=Patients+Beyond+Borders+Malaysia+Edition:+Everybody%27s+Guide+to+Affordable,+World-Class+Medical+Care+Abroad&ots=QL0XEQxD7P&sig=X1r877bc1yMW2EjCK2oB8kHMm4KE#v=onepage&q=Patients%20Beyond%20Borders%20Malaysia%20Edition%3A%20Everybodys%20Guide%20to%20Affordable%2C%20World-Class%20Medical%20Care%20Abroad&f=false. Asia Pac J Tour Res. ), articles that discussed other important medical issues in South Korea (e.g., HIV, Middle East respiratory syndrome, etc.) South Korea's name is entwined with advanced and cutting edge technology. We did not exclude literature on the basis of specific content types or study design. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. A bibliometric analysis of the state of policy research on medical tourism. Wong KM, Musa G. Medical Toursm in Asia: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and India. Similar to other top destination countries for medical tourism, the collection of supporting policies spanning the Act, the Comprehensive Plan, and the Enforcement Plan enacted by the South Korean government has brought some economic benefit to the country and may similarly motivate other countries to pursue investment in this sector. Hence, an influx of business activity for medical tourism can heavily skew the distribution and availability of the domestic healthcare workforce if internal brain drain is not properly managed [60]. Seoul Guide Medical - Korea's Largest Medical Tourism Provider SEOUL GUIDE MEDICAL Beauty and Medical Service at its Finest How It Works 1. McKinsey & Company; 2008. https://www.heal-wheel-india.com. https://doi.org/10.1097/JHM-D-16-00016. Health Policy Plann. National debate and disagreement among stakeholders about the utility of this domestic public policy stance and investment in medical tourism continues. Despite optimistic economic growth projections, there is local opposition to the South Korean governments efforts to promote its medical tourism industry. A bilingual systematic review of South Korean medical tourism: a need to rethink policy and priorities for public health? A bilingual systematic literature review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines for all South Korean medical tourism legislative and policy literature using MeSH terms and other related keywords in two academic databases, PubMed and JSTOR. Framing risks and benefits of medical tourism: a content analysis of medical tourism coverage in Korean American community newspapers. https://www.magazine.medicaltourism.com/article/top-10-medical-tourism-destinations-world. Accessed 13 Apr 2020. J Healthc Manag. Seoul at Heart of Korean Medical Tourism Growth | Medical Tourism Magazine | Medical Travel Patients can find in Seoul a higher standard of care than what is available in their host countries and at one-fifth the cost. South Korea aims to attract 700,000 medical tourists by 2027 through a strategy combining healthcare services and tourism. We are one of the few government-approved medical tourism agencies in South Korea. Plos Med. 2006;21(4):3108. Wong KM, Musa G. Medical Toursm in Asia: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and India. Stephano R-M. Top 10 Medical Tourism Destinations in the World. Get in touch with us. http://www.mohw.go.kr/react/jb/sjb030301vw.jsp? OECD; 2011. https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/48723982.pdf. The partnership is aimed at building key international collaborations in healthcare, securing investments in its medical . Kim M, Koo D-W, Shin D-J, Lee S-M. From Servicescape to loyalty in the medical tourism industry: a medical Clinics service perspective. Status of Inbound International Patients. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 1000+ markets in 190+ countries & territories, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. 2009;6(7):e1000097. Health Policy Plann. The rationale for this ongoing support was reflected in an official 2014 brief titled Medical Globalization, the Benefits Go to Citizens, where the MOHW argued the following: The benefits of medical globalization go back to all people. More fundamentally, although the current cost of medical treatment in South Korea is internationally competitive, it is higher on average than that of Thailand and India, mainly due to higher labor costs [64, 65]. Huh M-G, Cho H-S, Kim D-S. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2014.889516. This systematic review suggests that policy decisions may prioritize economic growth offered by medical tourism over negative effects on thehealthcare workforce, access and equity, and its potential to undermine Universal Health Coverage. PubMed https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.623052. For example, Singapore has attempted to address the issue of internal brain drain by recruiting high quality healthcare workers from other neighboring countries and offering competitive salaries, training and career development opportunities [56]. Importantly, countries like Thailand rely heavily on traditional forms of tourism and recognize the strong economic potential of the related medical tourism industry to contribute to overall economic growth. Nevertheless, as consistent with prior literature, it appears valuable to conceptually make room for the possibility that these biases may have affected the overarching findings of this review as follows: (1) there may have been unpublished reports describing lack of economic and public health impacts from medical tourism in South Korea; (2) impacted economic and public health areas may have been more heavily surveilled than non-impacted areas; (3) the threshold for economic and public health impact may be more sensitive for researchers assessing medical tourism in a South Korean setting; and (4) relatively egregious acts of commission by the medical tourism sector in South Korea may be favored for reporting over acts of omission [20]. The same keywords in the literature review were used in structured web search queries with the addition of the equivalent Korean language terms: , , , . Satisfaction of medical services among foreign patients South Korea 2019, by sector, Distribution of medical tourists in South Korea in 2018, by province, Medical tourists who made a tour during the visit South Korea 2019, Per capita spending of inbound medical tourists South Korea 2019, by age group, Number of hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants South Korea 2001-2020, Number of doctors per 1,000 inhabitants in South Korea 2000-2022, Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2023, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2023, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022. The breakdown of healthcare utilization by medical department as used by medical tourists included internal medicine (21.3%), plastic surgery (11%), health checkup centers (9%), dermatology (9%), and orthopedics (6%). All studies were extracted and assessed for eligibility by QX and VP independently to minimize errors and to reduce potential biases. This was followed by medical. New competition from Taiwan is also attracting patients from Mainland China and the anti-Korean cultural movement among far-right groups in Japan has also discouraged Japanese patients from traveling to South Korea for medical treatment though the countries are close in geographic proximity [64]. 2019;16(24):4964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244964. In 2012, 11.1 million foreign tourists visited South Korea, making it the 20th most visited country in the world, and the 5th most visited in Asia. Though verifiable data about medical tourism may be limited, several sources indicate that the main destinations for medical tourism are located in Asia [2, 7]. Kim S, Arcodia C, Kim I. In February 2013, 140 national priorities were announced by former president Park Geun-hye, with global healthcare being named one of them [38]. Medical Tourism in South Korea Data: South Korea is receiving an increased number of patients from abroad every year. Critically, even though concerns have been raised and South Korean policymakers purposefully shaped the Act based on strategies of competitors, policy learning has been selective, with many of the remedial mechanisms used by other countries to guard against the problematic aspects of their own domestic medical tourism industries neglected [56, 57]. Glob Health. South Korea) achieved UHC, resulting in the entire population gaining access to either the national health insurance scheme (about 97% of the population) or from the tax-based Medical Aid Program (about 3% of the population) [31]. Therefore, although a destination country gains economically from medical tourism (for example, in terms of increased GDP), it does not necessarily equate to gains for the overall healthcare system due to resulting healthcare workforce shortages, negative impact on availability of specialty care areas, and skewed tax benefits [38]. As an example, in 2012, the private sector accounted for approximately 94% of all hospitals and 88% of total beds [61]. Cookies policy. Google Scholar. Ehrbeck T, Guevara C, Mango PD. In the subsequent sections we provide an overview of how these different sources of information relate to the history of medical tourism legislation and policymaking in South Korea, the rise of the medical tourism industry and data related to its performance, criticism and challenges associated with the industry, and its potential future trajectory. Accessed 13 Apr 2020. Singapore has also reversed its policy position on promoting public sector participation in medical tourism, shifting to restrict public hospitals from marketing to foreign patients to address shortages of hospital beds [56]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10642-x, http://english.visitmedicalkorea.com/english/pt/index.do, https://www.who.int/global_health_histories/seminars/kelley_presentation_medical_tourism.pdf, https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/48723982.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.05.009, https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2012.638564, https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/medical-tourism-market, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.002, https://www.coursehero.com/file/30357268/India2016pdf/, https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2016/singapore2016.pdf, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203109458/chapters/10.4324/9780203109458-21, https://www.medicalkorea.or.kr/condition/history.do, https://www.magazine.medicaltourism.com/article/top-10-medical-tourism-destinations-world, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.06.022, https://www.imtj.com/country/KR/#horizontalTab5, http://wk.ixueshu.com/file/652af9c937e3f90b.html, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3965-9, https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018574, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520020059016, https://doi.org/10.1177/02729890122062622, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219030307000560, http://medicalkorea.khidi.or.kr/I/I_02.aspx, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.05.011, https://kto.visitkorea.or.kr/kor/notice/data/report/org/board/view.kto?id=427142&instanceId=127. Otherwise, the health needs and wellbeing of South Koreas own citizens will likely be compromised along with national goals of maintaining UHC [56]. 2018;17(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0866-1. statement and The losses in the Korean medical tourism industry due to COVID-19 are incomparable to that of happened during the MERS epidemic in 2015. Published January 29, 2015. Hence, analysis of the Comprehensive Plan finds that it primarily lists positive economic benefits of medical tourism yet lacks an in-depth assessment of how the sector will affect public healthcare capacity should foreign patients increase in the numbers needed to generate significant national economic benefit. 2019;48(9):160716. Reflecting a bigger push by the South Korean government to officially promote its domestic medical tourism industry, the entire industrial sector was promoted via a dedicated government sponsored website called VISIT MEDICAL KOREA (http://english.visitmedicalkorea.com/english/pt/index.do) operated by the Korea Tourism Organization and KHIDI. Check the 46 destinations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.06.022. In 2016, the Act on Support for Overseas Expansion of Healthcare System and Attraction of International Patients was enacted by the South Korean government in an attempt to accelerate growth of its medical tourism industry. Labont R, Crooks VA, Valds AC, Runnels V, Snyder J. As part of the project, the Korea Tourism Organization, partnered with the Medical Tourism Association, the world's leading medical travel expert, to expand healthcare offerings to a wider international patient base. Medical Tourism Market by Treatment Type (Dental Treatment, Cosmetic Treatment, Cardiovascular Treatment, Orthopedic Treatment, Neurological Treatment, Cancer Treatment, Fertility Treatment, and Others): Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 20182025. PubMed and JSTOR were chosen based on relevance to the medical and life sciences literature (PubMed articles) and social science and policy-related articles not specific to medical or healthcare literature (e.g. Though continuing to receive national support, policy to specifically address challenges associated with the potential negative impacts of South Koreas medical tourism industry (such as theinternal brain drain of healthcare workers and privatization of the public healthcare sector) have received less attention in the literature and in formal government documents. 2018;2018:111. Welfare M of H&. Terms and Conditions, Hence, the progression from legislative action through the Act, implementation through the Comprehensive Plan, and monitoring and adjustment via the Enforcement Plan, represents an important policy experiment to examine in the context of global medical tourism trends and implications for domestic and international health policy. Critical in this approach should be an honest assessment of how medical tourism not only contributes to national economic output, but also how it can negatively impact domestic healthcare costs, access and affordability to treatment, and South Koreas commitment to UHC. Following these early minor policy actions to promote medical tourism, in 2016, the Act was signed into law as a response to industry criticism that there was still insufficient legal and institutional support to grow the medical tourism industry [46]. About South Korea Providers Barosun Hospital Dobong-gu, Korea Banobagi Seoul, Korea Answer Plastic Surgery Seoul, South Korea 97.7 B&H Hospital https://doi.org/10.1097/JHM-D-18-00168. Domestic promotion of medical tourism can also lead destination country governments to shift already scarce public healthcare resources away from essential services and benefits towards more resource-intensive activities in order to compete for the business of foreign patients, given that the medical tourism industry primarily competes on quality and price [38, 41, 54]. 2011;28(8):85672. Medical Tourism - South Korea. Specifically, the South Korean government enacted the Enforcement Plan to adjust and reset the goals of its domestic medical tourism industry push after conducting additional economic and policy assessments. J Qual Assur Hosp Tour. PubMed Accessed 13 Apr 2020. Patients beyond borders: Everybodys guide to affordable, world-class medical travel. Implications for the medical tourism sector in South Korea during the pandemic . 2013;23(3):3501. 2019;19(1):197. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3965-9. If comparable quantitative measures were uncovered across studies, the influence of publication bias was to be assessed using a funnel plot. 2013;19:114169. https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/medical-tourism-market. Park J-K, Ahn J, Han S-L, Back K-J, An M. Exploring internal benefits of medical tourism facilitators satisfaction: customer orientation, job satisfaction, and work performance. The main legislative elements of the Act were designed to address what was perceived as continued policy shortcomings that inhibited growth of the sector, particularly in the context of growth experienced by other regional destination countries (for a summary see Table4). The majority of literature focused on the legislative history of South Koreas pro-medical tourism policy, economic considerations associated with industry growth, and the specific experiences of medical tourists. . In response, the South Korean government should carefully weigh the pros and cons of continuing to aggressively promote its medical tourism industry, including addressing concerns that political and competitive pressures will lead to increasing calls for privatization. Among these studies we found that existing literature primarily focused on the legislative history and rationale for South Koreas enactment of pro-medical tourism policy, economic considerations and opportunities associated with growth of the industry, and the specific experiences of medical tourists visiting South Korea. In addition to Google keyword searches, we also reviewed and examined documents from select South Korean government websites (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Tourism Organization), which contained information specific to the legislative process and policy language of the Act, the Plan, and the Enforcement Plan. In conjunction with the Medical Service Act, in January 2009, the South Korean government announced the New Growth Engine: Vision and Strategy plan. Han H, Hwang J. Multi-dimensions of the perceived benefits in a medical hotel and their roles in international travelers decision-making process. Virani A, Wellstead AM, Howlett M. The north-south policy divide in transnational healthcare: a comparative review of policy research on medical tourism in source and destination countries. https://www.imtj.com/news/378967-medical-tourists-south-korea-2018/. About 380,000 medical tourists visited Seoul, South Korea in 2018 for health and medical treatments. Our review did not uncover RCTs for bias assessment using Cochrane Collaboration guidelines. 1990;3(4):26377. The plan represented the policy implementation phase of Article 18 of the Act on Support for Overseas Expansion of Healthcare System and Attraction of International Patients (the Act), a piece of national legislation that was passed in July 2016.

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